One in seven couples in the UK are infertile and, in two-thirds of these couples, there is a contributory male factor.
Investigation and treatment of such men is the responsibility of the urologist, often in combination with gynaecologists in joint infertility clinics.
A few infertility problems are readily treated by surgical procedures, although most advances in fertility treatment have come from assisted conception using microscopic in vitro fertilisation (IVF) techniques which are carried out in special fertility clinics.
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