A History of 'stones' in Urology: 
    
    
        
    
    
        
            
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1609 - 1690
                        Skilled lithotomist who operated on Samuel Pepys
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1678 - 1747
                        Founder of the French Royal Academy of Surgery
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1688 - 1752
                        Protagonist of suprapubic stone removal
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1820 - 1904
                        Extraordinary polymath and expert urethral stone surgeon
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1852 - 1921
                        Popularised litholapaxy & transvesical prostatectomy
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1876 - 1944
                        Irish-born surgeon with lifelong interest in stones
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        3200BC
                        Bilharzia & stones
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        2800BC
                        Vedas & urethral strictures
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1000BC
                        Hippocrates & his oath
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        753BC - 554
                        Influenced by Europe & Asia
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        Only two instruments needed
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1520
                        Incontinence, fistula & impotence
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1600
                        As used by Frère Jacques
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1941 - 1981
                        Re-discovered in the 1970s
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1771 - 2003
                        An early "stone" hospital
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        1880
                        Modification of Bigelow's extractor
                     
                    
                    
                
                    
                    
                    
                
                    
                        
                            
                        
                        
                        
                        For dilating the perineal wound